INA: Information not available

* It is likely that these are also employed with the SA-8 GECKO .

** LAND ROLL and STRAIGHT FLUSH also have short-range target acqusition capabilities. LAND ROLL uses frequency band H for acquisition; STRAIGHT FLUSH uses both G and H.

*** Depending on model.

Carlo Kopp noted in 2010 that the NNIIRT 52E6MU Struna-1MU/Barrier E is a multistatic, low-power tripwire system, using a passive coherent location (PCL) technology similar to the U.S. LM Silent Sentry design. Like the Silent Sentry, the Barrier E is limited in effect to low- and medium-altitude targets. What is often unstated about PCL systems is that the “transmitters of opportunity” such designs rely upon (for example, VHF- and UHF-band television and radio stations) use antenna designs specifically built to transmit almost all of their power near the ground— power transmitted upward is considered wasted in such applications. The result is that the effectiveness of such systems is very limited at high altitudes.

Carlo Kopp noted in 2010 that while VHF-band is the focal area for Russian counterstealth development, highpower L-band radars at 24 to 30 centimeters are an area of active development because stealth designs strongly optimized for the centimeter bands suffer appreciable radar signature increases in the L-band, even if not as pronounced as in the VHF-band. The VNIIRT 67N6E Gamma DE is a good example of such, as it is a high-power mobile L-band AESA design intended for air defense and ballistic missile defense applications. Like the Nebo SVU and Nebo M RLM–D radars, it can be mechanically rotated, or locked to a sector to perform Aegis-like electronic beam steering sector searches. Similar advanced digital processing is employed. VNIIRT claims the ability to acquire and track a 0.01-square-meter target at 70 nautical miles range.

Resources

• Radar systems and complexes